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FAQ

Apply Verticillium lecanni @ 3x108 spores/ml during winter and rainy seasons.

There are basically seven types of IPRs:

 

 
  • Patents  - are legally enforceable rights granted by virtue of law to a person, to exclude for a limited time, others from certain acts to a described invention.

 

  • Copyrights – are economic rights accorded to the artistic and literary works or any work that is expression of an idea. The authors can control all commercial activity with regard to the reproduction of the copyrighted product. It is increasingly being argued that copyright protection should be extended even to DNA sequences that have been developed by human intervention.

 

  • Trademarks – are rights accorded to the symbols, logos (visual or otherwise) identified with a product or service.

 

  • Appellations of origin (a.k.a Geographical indications): are rights that accrue to a product by virtue of it being identified as having originated from a specific geographical location. The geographical location imparts the competitive advantage to the product due to natural / human endowments. Eg. Darjeeling tea, Basmati rice. Such identification normally arises as a result of acceptance of these names in commercial trading.

 

  • Trade Secrets – are rights over any information or product that is kept secret. Eg: Chemical formulae, databases.

 

  • Industrial Designs – refers to protection of the visual appearance of industrial products, including appearance, circuits etc.

 

  • Plant Breeder’s Rights – rights to plant breeders to exclude others from using a novel variety developed by them. A unique feature of such rights is that it traditionally allowed for farmer’s privileges to re-use saved seeds of the protected variety on their farms, and the exemption given to breeders to work on such varieties to develop new varieties. This form of protection formally came about with the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) in Europe.

Release the parasite Leptomastix dactylopi at 5000/ha or release the predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri at the rate of 30/tree on the appearance of mealy bugs.

Pot pouring, montages, floral ornaments, globes, arrangements, mats, crafts and greeting cards are prepared from dried flowers.

Any product whose use can be classified as novel, distinct from other existing products and non-obvious to others, replicable and having commercial viability qualities to be protected under the system of IPRs.

Release the predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri at the rate of 30/tree on the appearance of green shield scale.

These are direct payments to limit production.

 

 
  • They are exempt from commitments, if they are made on fixed area, yield or a fixed number of livestock.

 

  • Other payments also fit into this category if they are made on 85 percent or less of production, in a defined base period.

Fresh or dried flowers can be coloured by dipping the stem base in colour solution of natural or synthetic dyes or impregnation or spraying.

The parasite Encarsia azimi can be used to control the pomegranate whitefly.

When the availability of food is more than the present use it is preserved for future consumption. Preservation helps the food to be available in off-season and in any place. Delay in the use of fresh food alters its freshness, it palatability and its nutritive value hence such food is preserved and use for long time. Many foods cannot be preserved as such and need some type of treatment.

Verticillium lecanii is not effective against mealy bugs.

Seed treatment with bio-pesticide - Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10g/kg seed Nursery bed treatment with bio-pesticide - Trichoderma harzianum @ 50 g/sq.m

These are measures that are designed to encourage agricultural and rural development in developing countries. These include:

 

 
  • Investment subsidies those are generally available to agriculture in developing countries.

 

  • Agricultural input subsidies generally available to low income or resource poor producers, and

 

  • Domestic support to producers to encourage diversification from growing illicit narcotic crops.

  • Seed treatment with bio-pesticide - Pseudomonas fluorescens   @ 10g/kg seed

  • Management of nematodes in the main field: Apply 2  tons of  farm yard manure enriched with  bio-pesticide - IIHR Trichoderma    harzianum  or Pseudomonas fluorescens   per acre  before planting, along with 100 – 200 kg of neem or pongamia cake

  • Enrichment of farm yard manure (FYM)  with bio-agents: One kg bio-pesticide - IIHR  Trichoderma    harzianum  or IIHR - Pseudomonas fluorescens   can be used to enrich  1 ton of farm yard manure. Farm yard manure added with these bio-agents should be left under shade for a period of 15 days and in between it is advisable to mix FYM thoroughly at an interval of 3 days to enrich FYM with the bio-agents).

pecial considerations have been made to meet the needs of the developing countries like the need for food security and subsidized food for urban and rural poor. These include:

 

a) Government expenditure for research:

 
  • General Research,

 

  • Research in connection with environmental programs, and

 

  • Research programs relating to particular products.

 

b)    Expenditures for:

 
  • Pest and disease control such as early-warning systems, quarantine and eradication.

 

  • Training, extension and advisory services for the transfer of information and the results of research to producers and consumers.

 

  • Inspection services for health, safety and grading or standardization purposes.

 

  • Marketing and promotion services like market information, advice and promotion relating to particular products.

 

  • Infrastructure services like electricity connections, water supply facilities, dams and drainage schemes, transportation, market and port facilities, and infrastructure works associated with environmental programs.

 

  • Expenditures in relation to the accumulation and holding of public stocks for food security purposes; and expenditures in relation to the provision of domestic food aid to sections of the population in need.